Welcome!

We study how cells sense and respond to physical and bioelectrical cues, signals as important as chemical messages but far less understood. Our goal is to uncover the molecular mechanisms that enable cells to detect these physiochemical signals and use this knowledge to engineer cell behavior for therapeutic benefit. We pursue this work in the highly interdisciplinary environment of the BioFrontiers Institute and as part of the Department of Biochemistry at CU Boulder.

Our main focus is on bioelectric guidance, how cells navigate in response to natural electric fields, such as those that arise during wound healing. We recently identified Galvanin, a novel electric field sensor in immune cells, revealing a new way that rapidly moving cells integrate electrical cues into migration and signaling. We are also interested in other receptors involved in cell motility and the roles they play in disease.

We are combining live-cell imaging, synthetic biology, biophysics, and functional genomics to:

  1. Identify and characterize the molecular players in sensing and migration.
  2. Develop tools to precisely control cell movement in complex environments, with applications in immunotherapy and regenerative medicine.
  3. Probe the physical organization and electrochemical properties of the cell membrane to understand how it shapes protein function and cell behavior.

By combining mechanistic discovery with tool development, we aim to build a deeper understanding of the physical biology of cells, and use that insight to design new strategies for human health.

Research Focus

Galvanin molecular mechanism diagram

Theme 1 — Molecular Mechanisms of Electrotaxis by Galvanin

We aim to uncover how the recently identified electric field sensor, Galvanin, detects and transduces bioelectric cues into directed cell migration. Using live-cell imaging and synthetic biosensors, we will dissect the molecular pathways linking Galvanin’s localization and dynamics to cytoskeletal remodeling, steering cell movement at the single-cell level.

Engineered cell guidance schematic

Theme 2 — Engineering Cellular Guidance

We are developing genetic and synthetic biology tools to precisely control cell migration in complex environments. By engineering Galvanin-based constructs and other bioelectric sensing modules, we aim to direct immune cell movement for applications in immunotherapy, wound healing, and regenerative medicine.

Electrical cues in tissues diagram

Theme 3 — Physiological Roles of Electrical and Chemical Cues Across Biology

Electrical and chemical signals are present in diverse physiological contexts, from wound sites to developing tissues to tumor microenvironments. Dysfunctional signaling also has important consequences on our immune response during infection. We are probing how immune cells interpret and utilize different cues in health and disease.

Team

We are building a collaborative, interdisciplinary lab focused on how cells sense and respond to external cues. If you are interested in joining the lab or would like to inquire about potential opportunities, get in touch.

Portrait of Nathan M. Belliveau

Nathan M. Belliveau

Principal Investigator

Portrait of Natalie Meinerz

Natalie Meinerz

Senior Professional Research Assistant

Portrait of Tatianna Barnes

Tatianna Barnes

Graduate Student, Chemical Engineering

Portrait of Annie Schafer

Annie Schafer

Graduate Student, Biochemistry

Portrait of Ange-Emanuel Morignot

Ange-Emanuel Morignot

Graduate Student, MCDB

Portrait of Benjamin Rybnicek

Benjamin Rybnicek

Undergraduate Researcher, Biochemistry

Alumni

Maya Oza , Undergraduate Researcher, Biochemistry

Lucinda Shaffer , Rotation Student, IQ Biology

Vanessa Nguyen , Rotation Student, Biochemistry

Shreya Sharma , Rotation Student, Biochemistry

Lab Philosophy

We believe science works best when people feel supported, respected, and free to share ideas. We are committed to building an inclusive, collaborative environment where curiosity, rigor, and generosity all matter.

Publications

Large-Scale Motility Assays for Pooled Functional Screens of Cell Migration
B.F. Rybnicek, N.M. Belliveau. Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE), in press.
Protein diffusion controls how single cells respond to electric fields
I. Nwogbaga, N.M. Belliveau, A.R. Singh, D. Sun, N. Mulenga, J.A. Theriot, B.A. Camley. bioRxiv, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.04.09.647627
A function of TPL/TBL1-type corepressors is to nucleate the assembly of the preinitiation complex
A.R. Leydon, B. Downing, J.S. Sanchez, R. Loll-Krippleber, N.M. Belliveau, R.A. Rodriguez-Mias, A.J. Bauer, I.J. Watson, L. Bae, J. Villén, G.W. Brown, J.L. Nemhauser. Journal of Cell Biology, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202404103
Mapping variation in the morphological landscape of human cells with optical pooled CRISPRi screening
R.L.D. Labitigan, A.L. Sanborn, C.V. Hao, C.K. Chan, N.M. Belliveau, E.M. Brown, M. Mehrotra, J.A. Theriot. eLife, 2024. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.94964.1
Whole-genome screens reveal regulators of differentiation state and context-dependent migration in human neutrophils
N.M. Belliveau, M.J. Footer, E. Akdoǧan, A.Pv. Loon, S.R. Collins, J.A. Theriot. Nature Communications, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41452-x
Fundamental limits on the rate of bacterial growth and their influence on proteomic composition
N.M Belliveau*, G. Chure*, C.L. Hueschen, H.G. Garcia, J. Kondev, D.S. Fisher, J.A. Theriot, R. Phillips. Cell Systems, 2021 (* equal contributions). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2021.06.002
Neutrophil‐like HL‐60 cells expressing only GFP‐tagged β‐actin exhibit nearly normal motility
R.M. Garner, G. Skariah, A. Hadjitheodorou, N.M. Belliveau, A. Savinov, M.J. Footer, J.A. Theriot. Cytoskeleton, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/cm.21603

Earlier work

Deciphering the regulatory genome of Escherichia coli, one hundred promoters at a time
W.T. Ireland, S.M. Beeler, E. Flores-Bautista, N.S. McCarty, T. Röschinger, N.M. Belliveau, M.J. Sweredoski, A. Moradian, J.B. Kinney, R. Phillips. eLife, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.55308
Sequence-dependent dynamics of synthetic and endogenous RSSs in V(D)J recombination
S. Hirokawa, G. Chure, N.M. Belliveau, G.A. Lovely, M. Anaya, D.G. Schatz, D. Baltimore, R. Phillips. Nucleic Acids Research, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa418
Theoretical investigation of a genetic switch for metabolic adaptation
K.S. Laxhuber, M.J. Morrison, G. Chure, N.M. Belliveau, C. Strandkvist, K.L. Naughton, R. Phillips. PLoS ONE, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226453
Predictive shifts in free energy couple mutations to their phenotypic consequences
G. Chure, M. Razo-Mejia, N.M. Belliveau, T. Einav, Z.A. Kaczmarek, S.L. Barnes, M. Lewis, R. Phillips. PNAS, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907869116
Systematic approach for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in bacteria
N.M. Belliveau, S.L. Barnes, W.T. Ireland, D.L. Jones, M.J. Sweredoski, A. Moradian, S. Hess, J.B. Kinney, R. Phillips. PNAS, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722055115
Tuning transcriptional regulation through signaling: A predictive theory of allosteric induction
M. Razo-Mejia, S.L. Barnes, N.M. Belliveau, G. Chure, T. Einav, M. Lewis, R. Phillips. Cell Systems, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2018.02.004
Lipid nanoparticle siRNA systems for silencing the androgen receptor in human prostate cancer in vivo
J.B. Lee, K. Zhang, Y.Y. Tam, Y.K. Tam, N.M. Belliveau, V.Y. Sung, P.J. Lin, E. LeBlanc, M.A. Ciufolini, P.S. Rennie, P.R. Cullis. International Journal of Cancer, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.27361
Lipid nanoparticles containing siRNA synthesized by microfluidic mixing exhibit an electron-dense nanostructured core
A.K. Leung, I.M. Hafez, S. Baoukina, N.M. Belliveau, I.V. Zhigaltsev, E. Afshinmanesh, D.P. Tieleman, C.L. Hansen, M.J. Hope, P.R. Cullis. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp303267y
Microfluidic synthesis of highly potent limit-size lipid nanoparticles for in vivo delivery of siRNA
N.M. Belliveau, J. Huft, P.J. Lin, S. Chen, A.K. Leung, T.J. Leaver, A.W. Wild, J.B. Lee, R.J. Taylor, Y.K. Tam, C.L. Hansen, P.R. Cullis. Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1038/mtna.2012.28

Contact Us

We are looking for passionate new members to join our team! If you'd like to inquire about opportunities for joining the lab or for collaboration, please reach out by emailing nathan.belliveau at colorado.edu. Prospective postdocs, please provide a cover letter and your CV. Graduate students must be accepted through a CU Boulder graduate training program and are encouraged to reach out to us if interested!
Email

nathan.belliveau @ colorado.edu

Location

University of Colorado Boulder
Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute
Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building (JSCBB)
Office: JSCBB A320, Lab: JSCBB A354, A368